Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Assignment - 1

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Assignment Example The estimates are debited to maintenance and repairs account. When the actual repair happens, the exact amount is credit to this ledger account. Credit variance in this estimates account means repairs higher and should not be amortized but rather charged in this period. Debit variance means the company used less in repairs and such variance is rolls to the coming years Morse, & Wayne, (2015). Machine repair estimates costs are an initial value that is determined throughout the machine life. The cost is dividing by the number of years the machine will be on service. The annual estimates will then form part of amortization costs per year. Finance costs do not form part of estimates. A Major overhaul of a machine is treated as a periodic estimate cost. This cost is amortized over the remaining life of the machine. In manufacturing company, it is accounted as a cost of manufactured goods and recorded in the books as work in progress. An abnormal occurrence such as fire or floods is not allowable cost estimate. Minor repairs of machinery should be expensed in the year that they were incurred. They are termed as usage variance and should not form part of estimates the actual costs not estimates, in this case, should be subjected to an income of the same

Developmental theories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Developmental theories - Term Paper Example Researchers assert that developmental theories give answers that open important ways or depths into human behaviors in studying causes of different experiences that human beings face. Developmental theories emanate from different schools of thought. From studies, there are various schools of thought that resulted to the developmental theories. They include Humanism, Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Gestalt. Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory handles matters of human thinking. According to Piaget, the difference between children’s and adult’s thinking is qualitative other than being quantitative, as some people may have thought. In this theory we get to know that development occurs in distinct observable and more so measurable stages. The theory enlightens us that developmental growth is not affected by experience. According to Piaget, development is viewed to be unidirectional (Fletcher, 2005). Furthermore, according to Kohlberg, the theory of morality has several stages which include preconventional, conventional, and post conventional. He states that the degree of responsibility goes, with age where in middle childhood, children perceive themselves to be responsible for others around them. To this end it is seen that the theories do not cover all possible areas of human development and as a result, sub-divisions like those of Kohlberg will help clarify so many issues or answers (Sigelman, 2011). From many researchers, it is evident that the developmental theories are not original and base their roots deep down in different schools of thought. These schools include Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Humanism. Therefore, a few factors seem to have been put together to make up the theories in meeting the need to answer some of the questions or explain some experiences in human development (Fletcher, 2005). Research shows that the stages in developmental theories are accurate and

Theories of Ethics and Morals

Theories of Ethics and Morals ESSAY Are Morals and Ethics different? Moral are the worries identified with the principles of good and awful direct or got from the set of accepted rules that is right or agreeable in a particular culture while Ethics are moral decides that speak to a mans lead or the main of an activity or the ethical rightness of a showed direct. Moreover, morals frequently suggest a segment of subjective slant, while ethics tend to clarify methods for comprehensive sensibility and the theme paying little heed to whether an action is trustworthy. (Merriam Webster, 2017) Maybe you dont fancy Kim Kardashian, or her family, or her morals dont adjust to yours, or you simply believe its awkward that she had some plastic surgery, likes to do make up in an absolute expert manner. (Boboltz, 2016) When taking somewhat profound burrow on the contrasts amongst ethics and morals you may find that ethics and morals show up the same on the root of it, however if one was to separate, there is obviously some refinement. That says if a person wants to have some meat for dinner it is absolutely ethical for him as there is no law that says you cant eat meat but if the person starts to think the other way around then he might think that killing an animal is not an acceptable thing to do. This recommends ethics describe the code that an overall population or get-together of people hold quick to while morals quality plunges into great and terrible at an impressively more significant level, which is both individual and supernatural. The ethics that a man takes after too are influenced upon by outside factors like the nation, society, peers, religion, and could vary with a conformity in any of these affecting components. (Kumar, 2017) For example, killing a fox was not against law and it was totally ethical to slaughter one as it was a tradition there but then they passed the law due to heavy protests saying that you cant slaughter any animal just for the sake of the sport. Hence it became unethical to do so. But taking Morals into considerations, they do not change so easily or quickly. They are made of solid stuff, and customarily dont differ. It will for instance reliably be shameless to execute another individual, paying little heed to who the individual is. (Kumar, 2017) Ethics are all around portrayed and appropriately set down. Take the occasion of specialists like therapeutic experts and legitimate counsellors. They understand what the morals of their calling direct. An authority will never uncover his patients restorative history to anyone unless affirmed by the patient. In like manner, a legitimate instructor will never exchange off his clients points of interest despite his own mentality towards his client. Yet, regardless, ethics are of a subliminal sort and settling on what develops them is quite muddled. (Kumar, 2017) Ethical decisions see the conditions inside which they are set. That is, they ought to see that commitments can be situated in a movement/special request (for example, to stop at a setback to render help trumps the assurance of meeting for coffee); equivalently, results can be situated too. While in moral choices the importance of others and their honest to goodness situation on the planet, is seen, assemble decisions rely on upon trade between every one of those on whom the decision impacts. That talk hopes to be far reaching, non-coercive, self-intelligent, and search for accord among honest to goodness people, rather than search for a dubious altogether great truth. (Kumar, 2017) UTILITARIANISM Utilitarianism is an institutionalizing ethical speculation that places the locus of good and awful only on the outcomes (results) of picking one approach over various courses of action. It moves past the degree of ones own focal points and considers the welfare of others. (Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy, 2017) There are two sorts of utilitarian ethics sharpened at work, rule utilitarianism and act utilitarianism. Rule utilitarianism is set up to benefit by far most by using the most alluring systems possible whereas the Act utilitarianism selects the best option thats achievable and in good interest of all. An example of rule utilitarianism is the segment pricing. For instance, the automobile industry has different pricing system for the different models of one car of their brand that offers from a basic level accessories to an automatic standard. Customers who pay higher prices for more accessories for the same model of the car helps the company to lessen its financial burden and make more basic level models for the same car for other customers who cant afford the top models of the cars. An instance of act utilitarianism is a pharmaceutical association throwing out a product in the market that has been officially avowed with known side effects in light of the way that the drug can help a more prominent number of people than are chafed by the minor responses. Act utilitarianism consistently illustrates the end legitimizes the signifies mentality. The biggest limitation for putting utilitarianism into practice is the self-oriented behaviour of the people in the work force who try to achieve their personal goals first regardless of the other persons interest or welfare. (Future Of Working, 2017) COMMUNITARIANISM Communitarianism is a social rationale that, in many-sided quality to hypotheses that underline the centrality of the individual, underscores the noteworthiness of society in articulating the great. Communitarianism is routinely showed up contrastingly in connection to radicalism, a theory which holds that every individual should arrange the immense on his or her own. Communitarians examine the ways shared starts of the immense are encircled, transmitted, upheld, and actualized. Along these lines, their energy for gatherings (and great talked inside them), the bona fide transmission of characteristics and approve values -, for instance, the family, schools, and ponder affiliations (checking spots of adoration). (Etzioni, 2017) Under communitarianism, there can be no wiping out all government affect from business issues as the state is accountable for the welfare of its kinfolk whose money related lives must be thought about. Communitarianism, in any case, does not require any more government impedance than what is totally vital. It leaves the way open for private movement yet is set up to furnish to its with some opportune help when private action crashes and burns. It secures and additionally earnestly progresses all endeavours grasped for the advantage of everybody. It purposely respects the benefits of the individual and of the family, does not endeavour to usurp their commitments, additionally, helps them by offering openings. It also does not stop itself from correcting abuse, by institution if basic, when it gets the opportunity to be particularly obvious that private effects cant adjust to them. (Arjoon, 2005) RAWLS JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS THEORY Justice as fairness is Rawls speculation of value for a free society. As a person from the gathering of free political starting points of equity it gives a structure to the true-blue usage of political power. Be that as it may, credibility is quite recently the insignificant standard of good sufficiency; a political demand can be honest to goodness without being basic. Justice sets the maximal standard: the course of action of social foundations that is ethically best. Rawls fabricates justice as fairness around understandings of the considerations that nationals are free and ascend to and that society should be sensible. He views it as settling the strains between the musings of adaptability and correspondence, which have been highlighted both by the comrade examine of liberal lions share rules framework and by the direct explore of the present-day welfare situation. Rawls holds that justice as fairness is the most populist, and furthermore the most conceivable, translation of these basic ideas of radicalism. He likewise contends that equity as reasonableness gives a better comprehension of equity than that of the predominant convention in present day thinking of utilitarianism. (Rawls, 2017) Justice as fairness expects to portray an only course of action of the bureaucratic and social establishments of a free society: the bureaucratic composition, the legitimate framework, the economy, the family, etc. Rawls calls the game plan of these organizations a general publics essential structure. The key structure is the territory of equity in light of the way that these establishments proper the essential preferences and weights of social life: who will get social affirmation, who will have which essential rights, who will have chances to get what sort of work, what the dissemination of pay and riches will be, etc. (Rawls, 2017) The sort of an overall populations central structure will adequately influence the lives of inhabitants. The essential structure will affect their life forecasts, and in addition more significantly their destinations, their perspectives, their associations, and their attributes. Foundations that will have such unavoidable effect on the lives of people require side interest. Since relinquishing ones overall population is not a down to earth decision for a large number individuals, the legitimization cant be that inhabitants have consented to a fundamental composition by continue to stay in the nation. Furthermore, since the principles of any key composition will be actualized, consistently with brutal punishments, the demand to legitimize the weight of a specified course of action of guidelines raises. In laying out the justice as fairness theory, Rawls acknowledge that the free society being alluded to is separate by sensible diversity as depicted earlier, and besides that it is unde r sensibly great arrangements that there are adequate possessions for it to be attainable for everyones major ought to be met. Rawls creates the revamping supposition that the overall population is autonomous and closed, with the objective that subjects enter it when they are born and leave it when they die. He furthermore constrains his thought for the most part to flawless theory, regardless of the questions of criminal justice.(Rawls, 2017) References (2017, Mar 3). Retrieved from Oxford Dictionaries: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethics Arjoon, S. (2005). A Communitarian Model of Business:. Journal of Markets Morality, 478. Boboltz, S. (2016, October 12). The Huffington Post. Etzioni, A. (2017, March 5). Communitarianism. Retrieved from https://icps.gwu.edu/sites/icps.gwu.edu/files/downloads/Communitarianism.Etzioni.pdf Future Of Working. (2017, March 4). Retrieved from http://futureofworking.com/workplace-example-of-utilitarianism-ethics/ Kumar, M. (2017, Mar 3). Difference Between.net. Retrieved from Difference Between.net: http://www.differencebetween.net/business/difference-between-ethics-and-morals/ Manuel Velasquez, C. A. (2017, Mar 3). Santa Clara University. Retrieved from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/ Merriam Webster. (2017, Mar 3). Retrieved from Merriam Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/moral Mura, C. (2016, October 18). Indiana Daily Student. Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy. (2017, March 5). Retrieved from http://caae.phil.cmu.edu/cavalier/80130/part2/sect9.html Rawls, J. (2017, March 05). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rawls/ SCHOOL, I. B. (2017). Resource Book. The Conversation. (2017, Mar 3). Retrieved from http://theconversation.com/you-say-morals-i-say-ethics-whats-the-difference-30913

The Child King Henry VII got married in 1509, 1533, 1536, 1540 (twice),

The Child King Henry VII got married in 1509, 1533, 1536, 1540 (twice), and 1543 - why? Henry VIII is one of the few English monarchs recognizable even in America, for his antics are legendary on both sides of the Atlantic. He is as notorious for killing important people as he is for getting married six times and his break with Rome. Indeed, Henry's reign would make a good comic book, for he was always off on some new half-baked project, be it invading France or plotting a crusade. His whole life was marked by impulsiveness and his "OK, that was fun, what's next?" attitude. He never outgrew many childlike character traits, at times stubborn and the next moment almost a gullible pushover. This childish disposition is the key to why he got married so many times, even after his heir was born. Henry VIII was impetuous and impatient, and his abandonment of repeated marriages reflects a pattern of immaturity throughout his reign. It will be helpful to get a sense of Henry's character and personality before applying this directly to his penchant for wedding. His immaturity can be traced back to his sheltered upbringing and lack of responsibility, remarkable even for a king. As a child Henry "was apparently never given any responsibility, however circumscribed, for state affairs during his father's lifetime, or any taste of independence" (Scarisbrick 6). Henry VII was very overprotective of his son, and the boy lived a nearly cloistered life. The historian Weir writes, He was not permitted to leave the palace unless it was it was by a private door into the park, and then only in the company of specially appointed persons. No one dared approach him or speak to him. He spent most of his time in a room that led off the king's be... ...onal view of marriage which conflicted with the strategic role of marriage in his time. He was, in short, a childish, irresponsible egomaniac, and it was probably a good thing that he let his advisors do most of the ruling for him. Works Cited Bagley, J.J. Henry VIII. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd., 1962 Bowle, John. Henry VIII. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1964 Douglass, David C. ed. English Historical Documents Volume V: 1485-1558. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1967 Mackie, J.D. The Earlier Tudors: 1485-1558. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952 St. Clare Byrne, M. ed. The Letters of King Henry VIII. London: Cassell and Company Ltd., 1936 Scarisbrick, J.J. Henry VIII. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1969 Starkey, David. Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. London: Chatto & Windus, 2003 Weir, Alison. Henry VIII. London: Pimlico, 2001

Academic Performance of Working Students

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING Introduction Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another. Education is universally recognized as a fundamental building block for human development and one of the strongest instruments for reducing poverty, and is a powerful driver for development of individuals and society—improving health, gender equality, peace, and stability. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED 1995) states that higher education is primarily bridge between the world of learning and the world of work industrialization has increased the demand for more differentiated skills. The Laguna State Polytechnic University System has been founded to help each student to develop into a total person: who is well equipped with knowledge and skills; one who fits the modern world of technologies; and one who is ready and capable to meet the challenges of life. A bachelor’s of science degree in Hotel and Restaurant Management (HRM) will provide with all the skills needed to success in a wide variety of hospitality management careers. The program allows the students to understand the principles involved in leading a successful hospitality organization. At the same time, they will have the opportunity to practice these principles in applied courses and through an internship. It can individualize the degree program to fit the career field that most interested one. The career hotel and restaurant management concept deal with the preparation for gainful and successful and satisfying life and equip them with knowledge and social relations as well as manipulative skills in developing impotent attitudes and values in work is the aim of hotel and restaurant management course in general. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. An employee may be defined as: â€Å"A person in the service of another under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written, where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the material details of how the work is to be performed. † Black's Law Dictionary Working students can be categorized into two groups: those who primarily identify themselves as students but who work in order to pay the bills and those who are first and foremost workers who also take some college classes. Almost two-thirds of undergraduates who work consider themselves â€Å"students who work†; the other third consider themselves â€Å"workers who study. â€Å"CHED said working students today are mostly into food service, entertainment and sales, apart from their usual stints as library and research assistants. CHED advised working students to get jobs that are not that demanding and that are more closely related to their courses. Working students are ubiquitous in higher education. Students are more likely to work than they are to live on campus, to study full time, to attend a four-year college or university, or to apply for or receive financial aid. Students work regardless of the type of institution they attend, their age or family responsibilities, or even their family income or educational and living expenses. Working while enrolled is perhaps the single most common major activity among in all diverse undergraduate population. Most of the remaining two-thirds of working students state that their primary reason for working is to pay tuition, fees, and living expenses, with upper-income students more likely to work in order to earn spending money or gain job experience. It is difficult to understand the role that work may play in helping dependent students pay for college because income and educational expenses do not appear to significantly influence the likelihood that students will work, the amount that they work, or the amount that they earn.

Nietzsche and the Superman

The philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche has four themes: nihilism, morality, the will to power, and eternal recurrence. It is important to know and to understand first these themes so as to comprehend the value of Nietzsche proclaiming the struggle to be a superman. Nietzsche perceives nihilism as the product of an accelerating corrosion of religious and cultural beliefs at the heart of European civilization at the end of the 19th century. Thinkers during the Enlightenment period, who uphold the supremacy of reason over faith, challenge supernatural truths, demanding explanations of the afterlife, the soul, and God that are amenable to human logic and the senses. This mode of thinking seriously challenge and influence to undermine the basic tenets of Christianity and European culture. The statement of Nietzsche, â€Å"God is dead,† is the greatest expression of nihilism. From a viewpoint that God is none existent, Nietzsche sees man’s life as characterized by an aimless relativity that is experienced by him in every sphere of reality – cultural, political, historical, and philosophical. God, considered to be a supreme value, no longer exists. When the highest values consequently become devalued or rejected, nihilism emerges. A case in point, if a supreme value is non-existent, what is there that serves as basis for the existence of things? Man is therefore incapacitated to arrive at certainty about knowledge of reality or of his world. The highest values become devalued not in the sense that man knowingly confronts an eternal abyss in fear and trembling, but the highest values simply no longer exist. These values no longer exert influence. Man accepts this event not with stoic resignation but in total unawareness (Magnus, 1978: 11). Man lives in a society, and is bound by its conventions. When he is born, given to him are his race or ethnicity, status, and role to fulfill in society. Man takes these things and lives his life according to these, often done unconsciously. The second theme of Nietzsche’s philosophy is the master and slave morality. The master morality is born out of higher qualities inherent in the greatest men. Moral judgments are made according to the qualities of the person and not to his actions. A noble statesman is always deemed good, someone who is worth emulating. On the one hand, slave morality is an almost unconscious condition that holds sway over the vast majority of men. The moral standard is that which is useful or beneficial for the many or for the community. The noble statesman, who is deemed good by the standards of master morality, is judged as vile according to the standards of slave morality. Majority of men are suspicious of the leaders that rule over them, and are influenced not immediately because their actions but by their role of ruling over the majority. This value system is an unfortunate vestige of millennia-old social and religious systems, which perpetuate outdated and corrupt moral values such as humility, sympathy, and the like (Magnus, 1978). Nihilism is a life without depth. It is a life of endless wandering, moreover with the fact that man is often unconscious of it. Man hence has to be made to see that this nihilism is the form of life that he has become. He has become a slave, who is one among the many. He must come to know that he lives a passive nihilism, submitting to the fate of the many, and must overcome this, which is to become a master. He must overcome himself. Indeed to change man’s nihilistic idea, he has to change his habitual way of viewing the world. He has to transform his way of understanding religions, moral behavior, language, and political and social institutions of which he is a part (Magnus, 1978: 12). This is where the superman of Nietzsche gains significance. Since the highest values no longer exert influence, Nietzsche proclaims that men have to struggle to become the superman. The superman represents ascending to life, self-overcoming, self-possession, and is to be contrasted with decadence, decomposition, and weakness. As an idealized type, he represents the highest possible integration of intelligence, strength of character and will, autonomy, passion, taste and perhaps even of physical prowess (Magnus, 1978: 34). The task of the superman is to become individuated in an extreme degree and thus to rise high above morality and the herd morality. Man has to question conventional truths that have been accepted by society, and for him to in fact rise above these truths. He has to formulate those high values for himself, and thus end his aimless wandering. There are three steps that Nietzsche espouses in struggling to become a superman. In his book Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche portrays this struggle as the metamorphoses of the camel, the lion, and the child.   First is that one must exert a will to power which is demonstrated in that person’s extinguishing of his nihilism and in a profound reevaluation of traditional moral ideas and the creation of radical new concepts. For this to be realized, one has to be immersed as an active agent with the structure in which one finds himself. Referring to the camel, it submits to burdensome labor. It offers itself to be employed in order for society to attain its good. In doing this, the camel realizes itself and acknowledges its value in that society. Upon realizing that one’s value or worth is endowed by society instead of emanating from oneself, the will to power must also manifest itself destructively in the form of an abhorrence and total rejection of the moral and social ideas hitherto believed by mankind. â€Å"In the loneliest desert, however, the second metamorphoses occurs, here the spirit becomes a lion which would conquer its freedom and be master in its own desert. Here it seeks out its last master: it wants to fight and its last god; for ultimate victory it wants to fight with the great dragon.† (Nietzsche, 2006: 14) Referring to the lion, it projects pride, strength, autonomy, and passion to assert and to distinguish itself among the many. It strives to dominate or to be above the rest. â€Å"My brothers, why is there a need in the spirit for the lion? †¦to create new values†¦that is within the power of the lion. The creation of freedom for oneself and a sacred â€Å"No† even to duty – for that my brothers the lion is needed.† (Nietzsche, 2006: 15) Last is that one must perpetually involve himself in an act of self-overcoming. The will to power is a struggle both against oneself and other men that have adhered to conventions in society. Referring to the child, he is free from internal constraints. He is emancipated from the cares of this world. â€Å"†¦my brothers, what can the child do that even the lion could not do?†¦A child is innocence and forgetting, a new beginning, a game, a self-propelled wheel, a first movement, a sacred Yes. For the game of creation, my brothers, a sacred â€Å"Yes† is needed: the spirit now wills its own will, and he who had been lost to the world now conquers his own world.† (Nietzsche, 2006: 15) A child creates and possesses his own values and sees the world according to these values. To become a child, to have a freedom like his, this is man has to struggle for. The last theme in Nietzche’s philosophy is eternal recurrence. This is his central and most famous philosophical idea. This his conviction that at some time in the future another individual would be born with precisely the same thought-processes and experiences as himself. Furthermore, Nietzsche’s principle of love of fate is purely antithetical to religion: rather than live your life in preparation for such supernatural illusions as heaven, one must rather embrace this life and wish every feature and moment of it to be repeated forever, since only this life exist and none other. This idea may be horrifying and paralyzing for most people but it is a necessary conviction for the attainment of full individuation. II The struggle to become a superman arises from an external force, that is social structures, and from an internal force, that is emanating from the individual. Man is born free, yet he is situated in a massive and oppressive social structure, which limits and alienates his activities. He lives with a set of beliefs and values that influence his thoughts and actions. But are these beliefs and values that he adheres to are instilled consciously by him? Not all, and even most of these beliefs and values are already present when he was born. He is born in a family, baptized or inducted into a particular religion, taught with customs and traditions of his native place, bounded to the laws of his people or nation, and the like. As he matures, he takes these beliefs and values into himself without much evaluation since these are what he got to grow up with and such are the conventions that his society got used to live with.   He is born a peasant or a working class. He would be taught or trained to be a worker; would have a family and would pass his learning to his children. He would unfortunately die a peasant or a working class. This is what usually happens to man. This is the curse of the many. Is man totally free then? The answer is that an individual has the capacity to go beyond the present, to move toward the future. Man has the capacity to choose and decide for himself.   What he does ought to be determined by him and not by the social laws or larger social structures wherein he is situated. Though he lives in a society, he is not bounded by its conventions. Man has the prerogative for transcendence, the surpassing of the given. Freedom however demands that man be responsible for it. It is simply to take the consequences of choice. People are free to choose for themselves or to decide for their lives. They are responsible for everything they do. They have no excuses for the outcomes of their choice. And that is the staggering responsibilities of freedom, which cause anguish to some while a source of optimism to those who see their fate in their hands. The struggle to become a superman involves that anguish because due to the staggering resonsbilities of freedom. Friedrich Nietzsche in his work, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, has wrote: â€Å"The Superman is the meaning of the Earth. Let your will say: The Superman shall be the meaning of the Earth! I conjure you, my brethren, remain true to the Earth, and believe not those who speak unto you of superearthly hopes! Poisoners are they, whether they know it or not. Despisers of life are they, decaying ones and poisoned ones themselves, of whom the earth is weary: so away with them!† (Nietzsche, 2006:4) It is a challenge to question a universal system of thought that reveals what is true, right, beautiful, and so on that led to the closure of philosophy and the human sciences. It is to challenge convention. â€Å"Man is a rope stretched between the animal and the Superman – a rope over an abyss. A dangerous crossing, a dangerous wayfarign, a dangerous looking-back, a dangerous trembling and halting. I love him who lived in order to know, and seek to know in order that the Superman may hereafter live. Thus seek he his own down-going.† (Nietzsche, 2006: 6) Life is a theatre, and we are the actors. We can choose to play our own roles, and not be determined by the roles that are given to us by society. That is the Superman. REFERENCES Magnus, Bernard (1978). Nietzsche's Existential Imperative. United States: Indiana University Press. Nietzche, F. (2006 ed.) Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.      

Free Essays on The Prophecy

â€Å"THE PROPHECY† AND HOW TWO DIFFERENT CHARACTERS CAN BUILD AN EVERLASTING FRIENDSHIPâ€Å" The prophecy† is a short story written by the Indian Anjana Appachana in the 90’s. This story is about the friendship between two seventeen year old Indian girls, and how they try to face the pregnancy of one of them. â€Å"The prophecy† is set in a modern Indian upper class society, but we can still see the differences between a traditional style of living, influenced by the British Colonialism and the Indian society; and a more modern and liberal style of living influenced by the Western society. All these differences are represented in Hemu ´s and Amrita’s characters respectively. Hemu is much more traditional, rational and we could think that a better friend than Amrita. In what most Hemu and Amrita differ is in their values; as Hemu is much more conservative in hers than Amrita. Hemu thinks that virginity should last until marriage, â€Å"if it happened before marriage he would not respect me†, she says. This makes her also worry whether Rakesh (the father of the baby Amrita is going to have), respects Amrita or not. Hemu also sees the family in a traditional way; she wants to get married and she thinks that â€Å"marriage would be that wondrous path of rapid heartbeats and unending, intimate discoveries†. She is anxious about marriage and what she first asks Chachaji, the astrologer, is if she is going to get married, and if it’s going to happen in a short time. In contrast, Amrita is much more liberal, independent, modern and adventurous. Amrita obviously doesn’t think of having relations before marriage as a bad thing; she doesn’t want to get married; she wants to be a journalist and wants to travel acro ss the world. But for Hemu, marriage is the solution to Amrita’s problems and she â€Å"didn’t understand at all† why she doesn’t want to... Free Essays on The Prophecy Free Essays on The Prophecy â€Å"THE PROPHECY† AND HOW TWO DIFFERENT CHARACTERS CAN BUILD AN EVERLASTING FRIENDSHIPâ€Å" The prophecy† is a short story written by the Indian Anjana Appachana in the 90’s. This story is about the friendship between two seventeen year old Indian girls, and how they try to face the pregnancy of one of them. â€Å"The prophecy† is set in a modern Indian upper class society, but we can still see the differences between a traditional style of living, influenced by the British Colonialism and the Indian society; and a more modern and liberal style of living influenced by the Western society. All these differences are represented in Hemu ´s and Amrita’s characters respectively. Hemu is much more traditional, rational and we could think that a better friend than Amrita. In what most Hemu and Amrita differ is in their values; as Hemu is much more conservative in hers than Amrita. Hemu thinks that virginity should last until marriage, â€Å"if it happened before marriage he would not respect me†, she says. This makes her also worry whether Rakesh (the father of the baby Amrita is going to have), respects Amrita or not. Hemu also sees the family in a traditional way; she wants to get married and she thinks that â€Å"marriage would be that wondrous path of rapid heartbeats and unending, intimate discoveries†. She is anxious about marriage and what she first asks Chachaji, the astrologer, is if she is going to get married, and if it’s going to happen in a short time. In contrast, Amrita is much more liberal, independent, modern and adventurous. Amrita obviously doesn’t think of having relations before marriage as a bad thing; she doesn’t want to get married; she wants to be a journalist and wants to travel acro ss the world. But for Hemu, marriage is the solution to Amrita’s problems and she â€Å"didn’t understand at all† why she doesn’t want to...

Geological History Of Pa Essays - Geology Of New Jersey, Free Essays

Geological History Of Pa Essays - Geology Of New Jersey, Free Essays Geological History Of Pa The earth is an ever-changing chunk of rock to put it at the lowest level of comprehension available. This rock that we call home is brewing with billions of life forms and is constantly changing every day. This can be attributed to the various cycles that are at work on this planet of our, from the hydrological system to the rock cycle the earth is an ever changing form. Pennsylvania is just a small part of this system we call our home. Formed millions of year ago by tectonic collisions and molten rock Pennsylvania is a part of the earth full of specially minerals and geological features that stand out as being come of the best in the world. What would our state be with out its coalmines and steel mills. Which of course are only possible through the unique geographic features of our state. The Pre-Achaean, Achaean and Proterozoic Eras. Geologists believe that Pennsylvania was formed by parts of the Laurentian continental crust block. This crust block is made up of many micro plates, which were accreted during the period from about 2.5 billion to 1.0 billion years ago. This was previously part of an even larger crustal block called Rodinia. Geologist believes that PA is full of rocks that were once part of this crustal block. These rocks are known as the Greenville rocks. Greenville rocks are metamorphic rocks composed mainly of gneiss. Some of these rocks are visible in Southeastern PA but most are buried deep within the surface of PA. The Cambrian and Ordovician Periods This is really the period that life started to develop in the state of Pennsylvania. Now how did life star in this state you may ask, well here is how. At the start of the Cambrian period water from the Ocean spread inland across North America. Pennsylvania got in the way of this and was covered with a shallow layer of water which created unique environments for both life as well as the opportunity of new deposition of sediment. This water cover also had a big part in eroding away water channels as well as leaving large deposits of sediment. During the late Ordovician era materials from the arc and the floor of the Ocean were thrust onto the North American plate. This phenomena was called Taconic orgogeny, this played an important part in the development of mountains in PA. This Taconic orogeny created the mountains that lay to the northeast of PA. The Taconic orogeny, which deposited many harmful types of sediment, also saw the end to many life forms due to this heavy disposition of harmful materials. The Silurian Period During this period the mountains that were formed by the Taconic orogeny were still a good source of sediments. PA was covered with clastic sediment form these mountains for the first half of this 25 million year period. Sand and gravel composed mainly of quartz were deposited by stream to the eastern parts of the state. There was also quartz sand carried further west and deposited on the beaches and shores. Even today some of this sediment can still be found along the linear ridges of the Appalachian Mountain section of the Ridge and Valley province. In the western part of the state more mud was deposited then anything and even further west was the disposition of carbonate. This was also the time when many rocks were being chemical weathered and creating large amounts of iron, which were later, mined throughout most of the 1800s. The mountains that were created by the Taconic Orogreny were eroded during this time and stopped becoming a source of clastic sediment. In the northwestern part of PA during this time a supersaturated basin had formed with limited circulation. Once this basin evaporated the area was left full of gypsum and halite. This was also a crucial period for life. It saw the first fish appear on the earth. The Devonian Period This period was a relatively slow time for PA until the end of it. This period saw more deposition of carbonate for a few million more years. It also saw the formation of the Acadian Mountains. These were formed just east of PA when there was a collision

Being A Good Manager Because Of People Skills Management Essay

Being A Good Manager Because Of People Skills Management Essay Being a good manager has less to do with knowledge of a companys main field of activity and more with displaying a range of so-called â€Å"people skills†. While this detail is common knowledge in todays business world, what exactly are the main skills in a managers arsenal remains a rather grey area. This situation stems from the fact that considering the management needs in the 21st century, the field of management as a whole has become increasingly divided and fragmented. If not long ago management was split into clear areas (such as HR management, financial management, operational management and others), today specific management positions may require processes from multiple areas thus blurring the borders. Therefore, correctly identifying a manager’s toolkit of skills can prove to be a challenge in itself. The Professional Development Module attempts to settle this grey area using a study by the Association of Graduate Recruiters. This study conducted among a larg e number of employers tries to identify the main management skills considered to be in short supply in today’s market. The study names â€Å"commercial awareness† and â€Å"communication skills† as the very top shortages identified by employers. With each harnessing the attention of 60% of the respondents, they stand well ahead of the next identified shortages: â€Å"leadership†, â€Å"teamwork† and â€Å"problem-solving abilities†. â€Å"Conceptual ability†, â€Å"Subject knowledge and competence†, â€Å"Numeracy† and â€Å"Foreign languages† follow, but each being named by less than 20% of the respondents. â€Å"Good general education† is the last of the skills considered in this study. The results confirm the initial premise that the aforementioned â€Å"people skills† are considered much more relevant in the field of management, while at the same time being severely scarce. Thus, the Professional Development Module places emphasis on these skills, while aggregating them into more focused categories. The Module accurately describes the manager’s toolkit as containing: communication skills, presentation skills, negotiation skills, and cross-cultural awareness, networking skills, team skills as well as conflict management skills. Having a head start given by an accurate identification of the market’s needs, the Professional Development Module proceeds to train these skills in an effective manner. It is notable that the module is divided into sections covering each of the identified skill categories. Each of these sections takes the time to properly define its area of emphasis, underlining its relevance and importance within the toolkit before proceeding to develop the subject and use real-life examples and exercises to help develop the skill. Facilitation is certainly one of the most important skills in the set described above. Sometimes presented as mediation or negotiation, in fact facilitation is a broader term that describes the activity of creating the proper environment so that participants in a meeting or discussion can reach a satisfactory agreement. The Professional Development Module segment dedicated to facilitation does a great job at describing the issues that fall under a facilitator’s jurisdiction. While meetings are part of any core process of any corporate activity, they can also be the very Achilles’s heels of the process they are used in. Since meetings bring together different people with different goals, different hopes, different expectations, different personalities and different view of the world altogether, conflicts appear very easily. Conflicts can result in disagreement, aggression or frustration, which lead the meeting away from its intended purpose and alienate the participants. While conflicts are the most common choke point in a meeting, there are many other pitfalls that can turn a meeting into a counterproductive activity. Having an individual or small group dominate the discussion is one such pitfall just as letting an otherwise productive discussion fall into running around in circles when conclusions are called for.

Application for UNSW Golden Jubilee Scholarship Essay

Application for UNSW Golden Jubilee Scholarship - Essay Example I wish to be able to develop vaccine that can be taken by healthy people in order to prevent the entry of the HIV virus into their system. A scholarship is the only way that I will be able to kick start my scientific career quest. With a little bit of luck, I will become one of the lucky recipients of the Golden Jubilee Scholarship and be given a rare opportunity to dive head first into the world of Biotechnology. As an actively participating student of UNSW, each moment that I am on campus shall be spent in preparation for my future career. I shall spend as much time as possible learning from the available mentors and presenting my ideas for the HIV vaccine to other students and faculty members who may be able to help me get a head start in the development process. Perhaps I will get a grant that will allow me to do scientific studies of the HIV virus and its mutations in an effort to help curb the spread of the virus. I will continuously involve my schoolmates who share the same interest and passion for biotechnology as I do. Hopefully, we will be able to organize ourselves into the pioneer group that shall concentrate on the vaccine development, thus catapulting UNSW to the forefront of HIV research and de velopment. I am looking forward to enrolling at UNSW so that I can expand upon my existing knowledge of biological and industrial processes involved in the biotechnological area. Upon graduation, I hope to see my name become synonymous with breakthrough biotechnological advancements and treatments of various illnesses. I am serious about my ambitions and goals. I hope that the Golden Jubilee Scholarship will do just

Future of oil and gas in pak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Future of oil and gas in pak - Essay Example As of June 6, 2008, the oil market price reached as high as US$139 per barrel. (MSNBC, 2008) In line with the constantly increasing market price of crude oil, Pakistan’s oil import bill has reached the highest record of $6.338 billion during the first quarter of 2008 as compared to $4.741 billion the previous year. (Ahmed, 2008) To enable us to understand the future of oil and gas in Pakistan, the researcher will first define the importance of oil and gas in Pakistan’s economy. Eventually, the researcher will evaluate the increasing domestic and regional demands for energy including the government of Pakistan’s effort to fulfil these requirements. After discussing the strategic role of Pakistan with regards to the current global issues related to oil and gas supply, the researcher will examine and discuss investors’ benefits in terms of business opportunities related to their investments in oil and gas industry. As part of the conclusion, the researcher will discuss the theoretical factors that contribute to the increase in gas and oil prices in the world market. Sufficient supply of oil and natural gas is an important part of Pakistan’s economy since both sources of energy accounts for 80% of its commercial energy use. Among the major the sectors that consumes the most energy includes: industrial with 38.2%; transportation sector with 32.8%; residential and commercial with 25%, agriculture with 2.5%; and others with the remaining 2.2%. (Kakakhel, 2007) In the absence of sufficient supply of petroleum products, Pakistan could face a serious inefficiencies in the costs of public transportation. (Shikoh & Mansoor, 2008) Similar to the importance of petroleum products, the availability of natural gas is also considered a crucial part of Pakistan’s economic growth. A large portion of natural gas supply is mostly consumed by the energy / power as well as the fertilizer sector. Up to year 2010, Engr. Abdul

Evaluation of a research design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation of a design - Research Paper Example Rape victim interacting with men in public). Several studies show high comorbidity between PTSD and SUD, which suggested that a client suffering from one disorder also suffered from the other. It is said that a reduction in PTSD symptomatology reduces SUD symptoms as well. The authors begin with a discussion on the prevalence of PTSD-SUD comorbidity and the mechanisms between the two. Several laboratory-based studies that incorporated exposure therapy and SUD treatments are then discussed. These studies reported that exposure therapy significantly reduces symptoms of both PTSD and SUD. The authors recommended conducting randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating clients with PTSD-SUD. Methods For this qualitative study, the authors conducted a secondary research about PTSD-USD comorbidity and analyzed four clinical studies that incorporated exposure therapy with SUD treatments. The authors reviewed the literature to show the prevalence of h igh comorbidity between PTSD and SUD. As a background, the authors discussed imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure as the two most common types of exposure therapy. To provide evidence about the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating PTSD-SUD, the authors analyzed four clinical studies. For each clinical study, the type of exposure therapy and accompanying SUD treatment were identified.

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managerial Economics - Essay Example In general, the Coarse theory is a legal and economic theory which affirms that, where complete competitive markets with no transaction costs are, an efficient set of outputs and inputs from and to the production-optimal distribution will be selected. This is without paying regard to how property rights are being divided. The parties involved can negotiate or bargain terms beneficial to them than an outcome of a property rights assigned to them (Mankiw, 2007). This is to say that they are not completely obliged by the property rights to trade for as long as they are able to trade and produce an outcome that is mutually advantageous to all of them. For this to exclusively occur, then the cost of bargaining or any cost associated with it such as cost of meetings must be extremely costless as any cost at all will influence the outcome of the bargain. However, no exact definition of the Coarse theorem has been established (Sloman & Sutcliffe, 2003).Theory of the FirmEconomically, a firm is referred to as a legally organized and recognized organization that is designed with the main purpose of providing goods and services to the consumers. Coarse in establishing his theory, used applications based on the activities of the firm and related the same to the planning capability of a firm’s management. This might be metaphorically perceived as the firm being an island of planning in a sea of markets. When firms make decisions regarding production of the goods or services they produce., they do so guided by certain principles and which are as described by this theory proposed by Ronald Coarse (Rasmusen, 2007). This theory of the firm consists of several economic theories that seek to describe, explain and predict the nature of a firm. It seeks to answer questions about the existence of the firm, its behaviors and structures, their organization, the boundaries of firms and the heterogeneity of the performance of the firms. In reality, most firms are known to exist as alternative systems to the market-price mechanism if it can produce efficiently in a non-market environment. Consider an example of the labor market: it can be very costly for firms to produce efficiently if they have to hire and fire their employees based on the demand and supply conditions. Similarly, a shift by employees from one company to another everyday may be seen as costly or when companies shift each day in search of new suppliers (Williamson et al, 1991). This is because any action involves costs in it hence, the essence of firms’ transactions costs. The safest modality for the firm in such scenarios is to engage in long term contracts with either their workers or suppliers so as to be able to minimize on costs and at the same time maximize on the property rights.

The Plan for Growth and Stability of The Organization Essay - 12

The Plan for Growth and Stability of The Organization - Essay Example The approach allows for creativity. In turn, it leads to the efficient use of resources. This is necessary because there is not an endless supply of resources. In addition, resources have a cost component. The organization is well established in the economy. The organization has to face a reality. The reality has three components. They are unfreezing, changing and refreezing. The unfreezing has occurred. The organization has realized that the business world is different. This is evident by the engaging of MBA activity. This requires considering new leadership. Julius the leader holds an MBA. There is no indication that such a qualified person has been here before. This is a major step forward. It must have come with great anxiety. The anxiety has been hard to the top decision makers. They would of necessity have to be willing to give up control. This is true even if it is only a nominal act. The membership below will be aware of the wind of change whether real or apparent. This reality has obviously created some trauma or pain to the people who work in the organization. The pain will be in differing degrees. The degrees are affected by such factors as the ability to leave the organization. The decision to leave has to do with one's ability to do better if the leaving decision is made. In most cases, people would want to stay. They would like life to be better. This trauma and healing aspect is very real. It may be denied. Julius must pay attention to this reality. Julius must realize it also will impact his seniors. Changing is the aspect as to what needs to be done. There will be concepts. There is the plan as to the implementation of the concepts. There will be the measurement of the impact ahead of time. This should be a conditioning process. It is necessary to put in the required amount of time necessary. Refreezing will occur when the plans are in place.

Evaluation of a research design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation of a design - Research Paper Example Rape victim interacting with men in public). Several studies show high comorbidity between PTSD and SUD, which suggested that a client suffering from one disorder also suffered from the other. It is said that a reduction in PTSD symptomatology reduces SUD symptoms as well. The authors begin with a discussion on the prevalence of PTSD-SUD comorbidity and the mechanisms between the two. Several laboratory-based studies that incorporated exposure therapy and SUD treatments are then discussed. These studies reported that exposure therapy significantly reduces symptoms of both PTSD and SUD. The authors recommended conducting randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating clients with PTSD-SUD. Methods For this qualitative study, the authors conducted a secondary research about PTSD-USD comorbidity and analyzed four clinical studies that incorporated exposure therapy with SUD treatments. The authors reviewed the literature to show the prevalence of h igh comorbidity between PTSD and SUD. As a background, the authors discussed imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure as the two most common types of exposure therapy. To provide evidence about the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating PTSD-SUD, the authors analyzed four clinical studies. For each clinical study, the type of exposure therapy and accompanying SUD treatment were identified.

The Plan for Growth and Stability of The Organization Essay - 12

The Plan for Growth and Stability of The Organization - Essay Example The approach allows for creativity. In turn, it leads to the efficient use of resources. This is necessary because there is not an endless supply of resources. In addition, resources have a cost component. The organization is well established in the economy. The organization has to face a reality. The reality has three components. They are unfreezing, changing and refreezing. The unfreezing has occurred. The organization has realized that the business world is different. This is evident by the engaging of MBA activity. This requires considering new leadership. Julius the leader holds an MBA. There is no indication that such a qualified person has been here before. This is a major step forward. It must have come with great anxiety. The anxiety has been hard to the top decision makers. They would of necessity have to be willing to give up control. This is true even if it is only a nominal act. The membership below will be aware of the wind of change whether real or apparent. This reality has obviously created some trauma or pain to the people who work in the organization. The pain will be in differing degrees. The degrees are affected by such factors as the ability to leave the organization. The decision to leave has to do with one's ability to do better if the leaving decision is made. In most cases, people would want to stay. They would like life to be better. This trauma and healing aspect is very real. It may be denied. Julius must pay attention to this reality. Julius must realize it also will impact his seniors. Changing is the aspect as to what needs to be done. There will be concepts. There is the plan as to the implementation of the concepts. There will be the measurement of the impact ahead of time. This should be a conditioning process. It is necessary to put in the required amount of time necessary. Refreezing will occur when the plans are in place.

Trader Joes Essay Example for Free

Trader Joes Essay After observing that consumers are more likely to try new things when they are on vacation, he turned his store into an â€Å"oases† with a marine theme and cheerful employees wearing Hawaiian shirts. Trader Joe’s is differentiated with their innovative, one-of-a-kind foods priced well below their competitors. Trader Joe’s has an obligation to their employees, customers, and the community. To start off, Trader Joe’s has an obligation to their employees, and employees have certain expectations about their job concerning the job itself, pay, benefits, promotion, co-workers, and supervision. Employees expect, or at least hope for, a pleasant work environment, reasonable compensation, benefits such as insurance, opportunities for advancement, friendly co-workers, and guidance when they need it and respect from their supervisors. Trader Joe’s seems to meet their employee expectations. They are surrounded by an exciting, friendly, fun, and happy environment every day. They earn significantly more than employees at other grocery chains with managers making at least around $120,000 per year. Their starting benefits include medical, dental, and vision insurance, company-paid retirement, paid vacation, and a 10% employee discount. There are opportunities for advancement as they hire managers only from within the company. They even have their own university, Trader Joe’s University, where their future leaders enroll in training programs to ensure they will be able to meet company and customer expectations. The university also teaches them to instill the Trader Joe’s attitude. Management spends their days on the floor with their crew and customers instead of in an office with the door closed. Trader Joe’s fulfills their obligations to their employees. Trader Jos’s also has an obligation to their customers, and customers also have certain expectations, such as, reasonable prices, availability of stock, correct information about products, a pleasant shopping environment and experience, and friendly and helpful employees. Customers definitely receive an enjoyable shopping experience from the theme to the employees. They have even come to expect a customer-focused attitude specifically from Trader Joe’s. Trader Joe’s highlights â€Å"soft skills† as much as the actual retail experience. The employees are friendly, are customer involved, and have high product knowledge. The employees taste and learn about the products, share their experiences, and take the time to locate and recommend products. Trader Joe’s also has a philosophy of â€Å"every penny we save is a penny you save. † They focus on natural ingredient, buy directly from suppliers whenever possible, buy in volume, contract early, do not give their suppliers a fee for putting items on the shelf, and drop items that don’t pull weight to keep costs down. Their CEO does not even have a secretary to cut every possible cost so they can offer lower prices. They limit their stock while selling twice as much as other supermarkets by selling high quality products at lower prices. Trader Joe’s says, â€Å"Giving people too much choice can result in paralysis†¦the more options you offer, the less likely people are to choose any. † Trader Joe’s then has an obligation to the community, and the community has certain expectations of Trader Joe’s. They have an obligation to the community to be responsible, abide by rules and regulations, proved accurate information, provide safe products, and respect environmental concerns. They seem to be fulfilling their obligations to the community, but in 2010, Trader Joe’s was found selling 15 out of 22 red-list seafoods, those that are overfished and need to be conserved for their survival. This raised high concerns. They were quick to respond with a promise to remove the red-listed seafood, to improve product labeling with more accurate information about seafood products, and to only offer sustainable seafood in all formats by the end of 2012. They started using the Seafood Watch list to focus their product development and other third-party, science-based information to help with their goals. They are responding to customer concerns and feedback to fit customer needs of food safety and taste and environmental concerns. Trader Joe’s did break obligations to the community, but they are confronting the situation and responding to concerns to fix the problem. If they keep their promise they can return to fulfilling all their obligations. Any obligation to the community is also an obligation to their customers. Aside from the seafood situation, Trader Joe’s fulfills their obligations to their customers. If they fix the seafood situation and keep their end of 2012 promise, their customers will probably forgive and trust them. However, they need to make sure they do not pass any of the cost of their obligation to see through on their promise because this could then damage their reputation.

The Recruitment and Selection Process

The Recruitment and Selection Process According to Trevor Bolton (1997) recruitment is concerned with the production of the definitions of a job (job descriptions and personnel specifications) and also with attracting the interest of suitably qualified candidates in the vacant position. Recruitment can be defined as a process of attracting individuals on a timely basis, in sufficient numbers and with appropriate qualifications and attitudes and encouraging them to apply for jobs in the organisations (Armstrong, 1999). Furthermore, as per Snell and Bohlander (2007), recruitment is described as the process of locating potential individuals who might join an organisation and encouraging them to apply for existing or anticipated job openings. Similarly, Noe et al (2008) support that recruitment is the practice or activity carried out by the organisation with the primary purpose of identifying and attracting potential employees. On the other hand, Dave Bartram (2000), in his study Internet Recruitment and Selection: Kissing frogs to find princes contradicted that recruitment filters the numbers of applicants down by selecting out those who fail to meet key criteria and that traditionally, recruitment has been required in order to reduce the numbers of applicants to a practical size for the more formal and more resource-intensive select-in assessments (interviews, psychometric tests, assessment centres exercises, etc). Barber (1998) points out that recruitment is an important part of Human Resource management as it performs the essential function of drawing an important resource-human capital into the organisation. Lievens et al (2002) asserted that the war for talent meant that the emphasis in organisations moved from the selection to the attraction of employees, and the labour market. Research by HR prospects (2003) found that recruitment was the second highest priority for HR practitioners (after absence management). Nonetheless, some researchers and practitioners recognise that the recruitment process is complex in nature, mediated by organisational, legislative, social and political requirements and expectations (Courtis, 1994; Hinton, 2000 et al) with a multiple number of stages, activities and characteristics (Barber, 1998; Breaugh, 1992 et al). The major criticism has been the attempt by researchers and practitioners to render the participants, the people and the organisation as objects tha t are controllable and manageable units when applied to rational and scientific methods (Hilton, 2000 et al). Gatewood et al (1993) acknowledge that recruitment is a more complex concept that is influenced by the job choice process of applicants in terms of the series of decisions made about which jobs and organisations to pursue for future employment. 2.1.1.1 Recruitment Policies Trevor Bolton (1997) proposes that policies for recruitment should be: cost effective, be consistent with the wider public relations aim of the organisation as it is important to remember that potential employees are also actual or potential customers and finally should not discriminate against people on the basis of sex, race, age, physical disability or religion. Again, Noe et al (2003) validates that the key policies of recruitment are: attracting a group of potential candidates for existing vacancies, ensuring that fair means and processes are used for all recruitment activities and all recruitment activities should contribute to organisations goals and objectives and thus project a positive organisational image to those who come in contact with it. 2.1.1.2 Recruitment Process Peter Stimpson (2005) described the recruitment process into the following steps: establish the precise nature of the job vacancy and draw up a job description (or specification) draw up a person specification, that is, the type of qualities and skills being looked for in suitable applicants devise a job advertisement reflecting the requirements of the job and the personal qualities looked for. Once the applications have been received, the selection process can begin. 2.1.2 Selection Armstrong (1999) defines selection as the process of choosing from a group of applicants the best suited individual. Also, Dave Bartram (2000) supports that in the selection process; there are various forms of assessments that are used to select those candidates with the best potential for success in the job. Snell and Bohlander (2007) state that selection is the process of choosing individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill existing or projected job openings. In simple terms, selection involves choosing the best applicant to fill a position (Grobler, 2006 et al). 2.1.3 The Recruitment and Selection Process Ideally, the recruitment and selection process is intended to identify prospective employees who will fit well with the hiring organisation. Clark (1992) points out that even a small number of poor staffing decisions can have significant impact upon the goals of the organisation and hence, the Recruitment and Selection process in the Human Resource Management should be efficient. Furthermore, Sheila Rioux and Paul Bernthal (2001) found that better Recruitment and Selection strategies result in improved organisation outcomes. However, it is a complex and expensive process (Sohel Ahmad and Roger G. Schroeder, 2002). Ndunuju Adiele (2009) agrees that the most important job of a HR person is the selection and hiring/recruitment of employees. He also stated that it cannot be faulted that the success of any firm depends on the quality of human resources or talents in that firm and this is why it is very important for any HR expert to be very sure of hiring the right staff without compromis ing anything from the onset. The more effectively organisations recruit and select candidates, the more likely they are to hire and retain satisfied employees. In their study Recruitment and Selection Process in HRM- A case of Bangladesh Open University, MD. Abu Taher and Kamrul Arefin (2000) concern that because of the high cost of poor Recruitment and Selection, if an organisation fails to select the right person, it has to suffer as long as those persons stay in the organisation, even if the quality of service is strongly influenced by the Recruitment and Selection Process in the organisation. 2.1.3.1 Employee Recruitment and Selection process Flow Chart (Figure 1, Appendix I) Optimal match of employee talents with organisational needs Performance Appraisal Training Placement Orientation Initial Screening Recruitment Selection Human resource planning Feedback regarding past and present job performance supervisor/subordinate plans for the future Competence to perform present or future job requirements Understanding of company/ departmental policies, procedures and benefits New employees Cognitive, work sample, or situational tests, personality inventories, polygraphs A smaller pool of qualified candidates Recommendations, reference checks, application blanks, interviews Specification of human resource requirements A pool of qualified candidates Planning, operations, control Job analysis Products Activities Step Source: Wayne F. Casino, 1998 Figure 1. 2.2 E-Recruitment 2.2.1 Evolution of HRM and the internet 2.2.1.1 Internet as a recruiting tool Edgeley (1995) alleged that the future of recruitment is on the net and it is the internet which will bring radical change to corporate recruiting. This claim proved to be true when Kerschbaumer (2000) agreed that it took more than 30 years for radio as a medium to reach 50 million of listeners, and the internet reached 50 millions of users within 5 years. Online recruitment has indeed grown rapidly over the past 10 years and now it is used to a greater extent all over the world by both recruiters and job seekers (Capelli, 2001). The internet first emerged as a recruiting tool in the mid-1990s and was named as recruiting evolution by the media due the benefits it could bring to recruiters (Boydell, 2002). Bush et al (2002) supports that the adoption of the web as a medium has been faster than any other medium in history. In addition, Crispin and Mehler (2006) found that 20 per cent external hires were from corporate sites and another 13 per cent were from jobs boards. Also, in the UK , it was found that two third of the organisations in 2004 used job boards (independent websites which are used to match multiple recruiters to job applicants typically through recruiter advertisements). 2.2.1.2 Shift from traditional way of recruiting and selecting to new way From relevant literature, the traditional recruitment method is the way that a company announce a job opening to the market place through classified advertisement, an executive recruiter, a job fair or other media (Othman Musa, 2006). Web-based technology which has a number of hiring activities can effectively streamline hiring processes by making them faster, more efficient, and less costly. Timeliness is critical to both the candidate and the organisation and unnecessary delays while paper is being routed or data being entered into numerous systems are clearly targets for improvement for the process (A. Walker, 2001). Good candidates are lost by unnecessary delays. In terms of HRM, the internet has changed recruitment from both an organisational and a job seekers point of view (Feldman, 2002, Epstein, 2003, Warner, et al 2005). Traditional recruitment processes are known as being time-consuming with long hiring cycle times, high costs per process and minimal reach to job seekers ( Lee, 2005). In his article Training and human resource issues in small e-business: towards a research agenda, Harry Matlay (2004) drew the same conclusion and argued that in the early 1990, ICT and the internet began impacting on organisational growth, development and competitiveness at both micro- and macro-economic levels and as more and more customers and suppliers began to use the internet, the speed, direction and emphasis on strategic change and competitive drive shifted from traditional trade to online business transactions taking place within a fast growing and rapidly expanding digital economy. 2.2.1.3 Factors contributing to shift Rapid introduction of the internet into the recruitment process can primarily be attributed to the Internets unique communication capabilities which allow for written communication (e-mails and documents) to be transmitted for a second; for organisations and individuals websites to be accessed at the click of a mouse and for real-time conversations (print, audio and visual) to be conducted rapidly (Wyld, Bingham et al, 1997). Similarly, Ulrich (1997) concurs that an emerging HR practice area that will require investment of time, talent and resources needs technology which can help in reducing the tension between strategic and administrative role and can remove part of the administrative responsibility. Furthermore, as per Sharon Hill (2001) the factors behind recruiting via the internet as low cost, reach, speed, ease, coverage and products and services for example, resume databases, online applications, banners, profiles etc. Empirical studies also have helped enormously in finding the factors contributing to the shift from traditional way of recruiting people to new way. For example, David Pollitt (2007), stated in his article Superdrug prescribes e-recruitment to improve talent management, that the HRM manager of the health and beauty retailer Superdrug claimed that it is essential that their recruitment process is as fast and efficient as possible and the launch of their careers websites helped them largely to quickly and efficiently process large numbers of applications and thus reducing the administrative burden of processing CVs. Moreover, M. Voermans and M. Van Veldhoven (2007) in their study about Attitude towards E-HRM: an empirical study at Philips alleges that nowadays companies can seek the possibilities to run HR operations more efficiently due to the swift development of electronic HR systems. Through internet, communication is quick, easy and cheap and it can reach on a local, national and international scale. In addition, Graeme Martin and Martin Reddington (2009) Reconceptualising absorptive capacity to explain the e-enablement of the HR function (e-HR) in organisations validates that HR can claim to help create competitive advantage and align the function of creating added value for managers and employees through efficient information flows by reducing HR transaction costs and Headcount for example, supplying HR information to a large number of people virtually and help in delivering e-training and e-learning to a large number of people. 2.2.2 Online Recruitment E-recruitment, also known within the literature as online recruitment, Internet recruiting or cybercruiting refers to posting vacancies on the corporate web site or on an online recruitment vendors website, and allowing applicants to send their resumes electronically via e-mail or in some electronic format (Galanaki, 2002). Similarly, Lievens and Harris (2003) et al define online recruitment as any method of attracting applicants to apply a job that relies heavily on internet. Furthermore, online recruitment is the method of matching job seekers to employers that has emerged over the last few years, and is growing quickly than any other means (Cooper Robertson, 2003). Therefore it can be summarized that e-recruitment is the use of technology to assist the recruitment process where job vacancies are advertised through world-wide web. Whilst e-recruitment is considered a relatively new concept for many organisations, articles on the topic first started appearing in the mid-1980s (Casper, 1985; Gentner 1984). However, it wasnt until almost a decade later in the mid-1990s that more systematic and rigorous literature and research on e-recruitment began to appear in human resource journals (E.R. Marr, 2007). The rise in the amount of literature in e-recruitment was initially attributed to the sudden increase in the use of online recruitment by IT companies and universities (Galanaki, 2002). Types of E-Recruitment A number of means has led to the increase in the use of the internet as a recruitment source. The three most common means identified by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD, 1999), cited in the article by Galanaki (2002) are: Firstly, the addition of recruitment pages to the organisations existing website. (As indicated by Lee (2005), this avenue is becoming increasingly common primarily as a result of rising costs and inflexibility of using other e-recruitment means and traditional media). Secondly, there is the use of specialised recruitment websites which act as a medium between organisations and potential applicants such as online job boards, job portals, job agencies and online recruiters and finally the use of media sites which involves placing an advertisement in a more traditional media such as newspaper which also has its own website and posts the same advertisement simultaneously in the website, usually for free. Similarly, Preetam Kaushik (2010) in his article E-Recruitment Trends: Internet and the Recruitment Process agrees that E-recruitments are generally done in two different ways. For example, post the company profile and the job specifications on one of the many available job portals and also search the portal to see if any suitable resumes are on the site or alternate is to create an online recruitment page on the companys own website where job seekers can submit their resumes which will get added to the database of the organization for future consideration. Criteria for effective E-Recruitment Arundhati Ghosh (2005): E- Recruitment: The Recent Trend of Recruitment Practices points out that in order to have an effective online recruitment, the organizations should be concerned about various factors such as Return on Investment which should be calculated to compare the costs and risks, the recruitment policy which has to be flexible and proactive to adapt market changes, unemployment rate as the whole process depends on the availability of candidates in the market and for every post, position it is not viable to spend too much of time because these rates will determine whether to be stringent or lenient, the impact of supplying compensation details that are the wage, salary, benefits as compensation rate of the company not only reaches to the candidates but will be known to all, the words that discriminates gender, age, religion and so on have to be avoided, and finally they need to be selective while choosing the sites because when special skill candidates are searched then generic job search sites have to be avoided. 2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of E-Recruitment 2.3.1 Perceived Advantages Given that the average job hunters spend around six to eleven hours each week searching and pursuing suitable positions, the flexibility of the internet is extremely attractive as a means of sourcing jobs (Farris Dumans, 1999). Also, the internet acts as a database of information for organisations, including information pertaining to potential applicants, if organisations know how to find and use it (Gutmacher and Leonard, 2000). According to Gutmacher (2000), Galanaki (2002) et al (2004), the biggest perceived advantage of internet recruiting is that individuals can quickly and easily access information in a wide range of job opportunities twenty-fours a day, seven days a week, reducing the need for employees to actively job hunt whilst performing current job duties, thereby minimising the visibility of the job search. They also further identified that online advertising helps in attracting the interest of high quality people, also known as passive job seekers, who are not actively searching for a job. The information can be passed through friends or collegues who are engaged in online social networking. Feldman and Klaas (2002) also claim that internet is a useful location to generate information on a wide array of industries, companies and search variables including the geographic location, job type or industry type, the remuneration and all when looking for jobs. Furthermore, Bingham et al (2002), Epstein et al (2003) and McCurry (2005) validates that the internet has been classified as an interactive source which helps to engage applicants by providing pertinent and more in-depth information about the job and the organisation through links to tesmonials and employment benefits sites. For organisations, online recruitment provides an opportunity for jobs to be advertised in global, local or niche markets, presenting the flexibility for recruiters to adapt the source to target an identified job market, or allowing for a brand scope of potential applicants by opening the job to the global market (Smith, 2005). Another advantage is that there is a reduction in the time for recruitment as organisations are able to source and process applications round the clock compared to traditional sources (Lee, 2005). Last but not the least, in his article Internet Recruitment, Radcliff (2000) mentions that it is easier for applicants to search for job vacancies and apply online rather than going through newspapers and submitting hard copy resumes to companies. As for Erica Marr (2007) E-Recruitment: The effectiveness of the internet as a recruitment source, she points out that another advantage cited in the literature on e-recruitment is the reduced costs associated with internet advertising compared to print advertising where the size of the advertisement and the publication itself impacts in the cost of posting the advertisement. She also alleges that more people get access to the internet nowadays and consequently there are a limited number of people who bother to read advertisements in newspapers. 2.3.2 Perceived Disadvantages As with all recruitment sources, there are not only unique advantages related to the medium, but there are also a number of shortages identified by a number of authors (Capelli 2001, Feldman et al 2002). Of major concern is the perception that the internet will generate a high quantity of applications. Screening and checking the skill mapping and authenticity of millions of resumes is a problem and time consuming exercise (Carlson, Dessler, Chyna et al, 2002). Moreover, it takes less effort and fewer costs for applicants to store their rà ©sumà © electronically and apply for a job online. Consequently organisations will be receiving a greater number of applications and as a result there will be an increase in costs of administering more in the recruitment and selections systems (Gutmacher 2000, and Smith et al 2004). Austin Texas (2001) in his article Impact of the internet on the recruitment of skilled labour mentions that one of the disadvantages of online recruitment is that there may be low internet penetration and lack of awareness of internet in some remote locations. Galanaki (2002) The decision to recruit online: A descriptive study argues that some large organisations have already found it necessary to officially dedicate one or more recruiters to focus all of their time exclusively to internet recruitment due to the extra time and effort needed for implementation. Referring to CIPD (1999), Galanaki (2002) also noted that many organisations lack the resources or the expertise needed to achieve an integrated e-recruitment process. They have to be ready to deal with the relevant IT tools such as search engines, databases, CV-screening and to undertake a whole change management effort in order to get the employees familiar with the implementation of the necessary tools. Another disadvantage highlighted in the article is that for the majority of job seekers, internet still is not the first option as organisations cannot be dependant solely and totally on the online recruitment methods. Furthermore, the study about E-HR at KPN conducted by David Pollitt (2006) adds that not all companies find it easy to move to e-recruitment. This is because the technology, the processes and the people capability have to be managed simultaneously and the risk that companies face is that HR managers, trying to pay more attention to get the technology right, sometimes give less importance to the processes and the employees. Therefore, there is a need to consider the new system first, prepare the workforce and then embrace the new technology to avoid unplanned circumstances. Another urgent need is to ensure that the organisations senior managers back the changes. Finally, in her article Careers and Employment, Kristian Keefer (2009) sums up the disadvantages as: a company which is hiring online will not have the ability to meet the individual applicants in person before recruiting them; employers might receive the positive impression of someone who ends up not being the best choice for the job; a perfect resume might be received but after contacting the person concerned, the employer may be disappointed if the applicant does not show any interest in the job. This is a waste of time and money. 2.4 Success of E-Recruitment As per D. B. Morin (2000) there are approximately 700 million people using the consumer internet and one of the most usages of the internet is to conduct online job searches, and one of the most searched-on key words is jobs. In short, the internet is fundamentally changing the way the recruitment industry is operating and it can be an extremely effective tool for hiring. Therefore, D. B. Morin (2000) has devised two ways to ensure successful internet recruitment. First and foremost, there is a need to build a recruitment centre within the companys own website. Logically, candidates will first look for jobs on the companys website if they are interested to work in that particular organisation. As a result, they should be able to have access to all the information about the company immediately. However, before adopting this method of recruitment, there are some issues which may have to be taken into consideration. For example, it should be made easy for prospective candidates to find recruitment area. Many online job applications are submitted by  ´passive ´ job seekers, that is, individuals who are not actively seeking a career change, but are intrigued enough by an individual job offer to apply. A conspicuous recruitment area will draw these  ´passive ´ job seekers in. Also, an efficient method of collecting job applications (i.e. will candidates email their rà ©sumà ©s or do you plan to build an online rà ©sumà © builder) can be established. Finally, we have to ensure that there are the resources to provide prompt responses to enquiries and applications.   With close to a billion users online, one good job advertisement could potentially swamp an entire HR department. As technology continues to evolve, there is an ever-increasing array of resume  ´sifting ´ software available. Secondly, we should advertise in websites. According to D. B. Morin (2000), there has been literally an explosion of online career centres, job guides, and recruiting services and there are now over 33,000 career specific websites on the Internet. The primary advantage to advertising our open positions on one or more recruitment websites is our extreme popularity with job seekers. If we are considering placing ads on the Internet, there are a few points to consider when evaluating sites such as does the site target candidates with a high likelihood of appropriate qualification? Is navigating around the site uncomplicated? Is the site professional and is it aligned with our company ´s image? How are postings added to the database and how often can you update or delete your listing? Or how many visits does the site get weekly and monthly? With such a plethora of job sites on the internet now, organisations need to position their job advertisements where they will gain the most exposu re to the most appropriate audiences. Just as there is no one way to recruit, similarly there is no one place to list jobs. Organisations need to employ a combination of recruitment strategies, services and resources to position their job advertisements effectively. By limiting the company ´s recruiting efforts to the Internet, many key applicants could be missed for jobs opportunities. For instance, in a study conducted by Drake Beam Morin (2000), the Internet provided sources for new jobs in only 4% of cases, compared to networking which produced opportunities in 64% of cases studied. The key element to consider for online recruitment is where qualified applicants would most likely look for open positions. Once that is determined, a media plan including a variety of targeted venues can be thoroughly constructed and evaluated. 2.5 Conclusion From the relevant literature, there is an argument that e-recruitment is needed to be used in conjunction with other techniques. Caggiano (1999) and Borck (2000) argue that Internet-based recruiting will not replace traditional practices, but a well-implemented e-recruitment strategy can help the recruitment process become more successful. Internet recruiting should be only one of many tools used to find and recruit applicants. Similarly, Pearce Tuten (2001) pointed out that although the employers see the advantages of e-recruitment, they continued to use traditional methods such as newspaper ads, personal referrals, and search agencies for most of their recruiting. Employer viewed the Internet as an important additional tool. Cullen (2001) also supports that e-recruitment is not treated as a stand-alone human resource tool but is integrated into an overall recruiting and selection strategy that includes, among other things, sophisticated behavioral and skills assessment, interviewing, and additional means of identifying needs and sourcing candidates. Previous studies show that a human resource department still uses both traditional method and e-recruitment in recruiting process. More than 75% of HR professionals are now using Internet job boards in addition to traditional recruiting method (HR Portal, 2003).

Essay --

When should the Fed begin â€Å"its exit† from expansionary monetary policy? Or is this even the wrong question and should we instead be discussing further expansionary policy that can be conducted by the Fed? As Janet Yellen stated clearly in her recent testimony before the Senate Banking Committee, now is not the time for the Fed to begin â€Å"its exit† from expansionary monetary policy. Until inflation comes closer to the Fed target of 2 percent or the unemployment rate begins to steadily decline, the Fed should in fact be looking to further expansionary policy to give the economy all the help it can get. The current state of the U.S. economy in terms of unemployment, inflation and growth, allow this unique situation to be brought into light. The unemployment rate is in about three percentage points higher than it was seven years ago, before the start of the economic downturn. The employment-to-population ratio is about five percentage points lower, and it has not succeeded in recovering much since the trough of the recession. Furthermore, in a dataset compiled since 1948 the average unemployed person has been looking for work before the crisis was 22 weeks, in the aftermath of the recession of 1981-1982 (Mankiw). In the most recent recession, however, the average reached about 41 weeks and still stands at more than 36 weeks – an unprecedented number of long-term unemployment. The Fed, breaking from its historic emphasis on subduing inflation, has used inflation as a tool to solve the financial crisis and keep prices rising about 2 percent a year. Rising prices encourage consumption, increases profits, increases borrowing and investment spending. Yet despite this goal, inflation rose at an annual pace of 1.2 percent in August, just... ...useholds and businesses (consumption and investment) increases purchase of real estate, which increases the price of homes. Though increased housing prices and increased employment are both effects of expansionary monetary policy, higher housing prices do not necessarily benefit employment. Or in other words, higher housing prices do not directly benefit employment but are sometimes take to be a signal that employment is on the rise. On Wash’s point, he says that in some sense the Fed’s economic models have been â€Å"basically wrong for about 4 or 5 years.† By this he means that the models did not anticipate the crisis, or were imply incorrect during the past 4 or 5 years of the recession. The models do not take into account that policy response might be different, rather, they take into account a pattern of â€Å"snapping-back† to where they once were at a point in history.

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide and Dr. Kevorkian -- Euthanasia Phy

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Jack Kevorkian was sentenced fifteen to twenty years in jail for a second degree murder charge.   There is no doubt that Dr. Kevorkian injected lethal drugs into Thomas Youk, killing him within minutes.   But was the murder committed as an act of rage?   No, it was done as an act of kindness.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the past ten years, Dr. Kevorkian has been performing assisted suicides.   In that time, Kevorkian claims to have eased the suffering of 130 patients.   He has also been fighting to legalize euthanasia.   There are some people that support Kevorkian’s views of euthanasia, yet there are still many people that think that what Kevorkian is doing is wrong.   Until the later part of April, when he was convicted of second degree murder, Kevorkian had been found not guilty of assisted suicide charges on four separate accounts.   Is Jack Kevorkian’s actions one of a hero or of a madman?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, the only state that assisted suicide is legal is Oregon.   Euthanasia is illegal everywhere in the United States.   Euthanasia is a better option than assisted suicide.   Euthanasia differs from assisted suicide in that the physician actually injects the lethal drug instead of prescribing it.   Because patients are required to take the lethal drug themselves, there is the chance that they may take the drug the wrong way.   This could cause the patient to survive the lethal dose and do more harm.   There is a twenty-five percent chance that a patient will fail to kill themselves by assisted suicide (Smith 37).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Kevorkian, the most outspoken euthanasia activist in the United States... ...is argument is wrong.    Works Cited Corry, John.   "Who is Jack Kevorkian, Really?"   Reader’s Digest.   April 1999:   87-92. Goldstein, Frederick J.   "Dr. Jack Kevorkian:   Friend or Foe?"   The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.   January 1997:   1-3. Grace, Julie.   "Curtains for Dr. Death."   Time 5 Apr. 1999:   48. Lessenberry, Jack.   "Death Becomes Him."   Vanity Fair July 1994:   102-113. McHugh, Paul R.   "The Kevorkian Epidemic."   The American Scholar.   Vol. 66.   1997:   15-27. Nelan, Bruce W.   "Fasting for the Right to Die."   Time 15 Nov. 1993:   89. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death Has Yet Another Day in Court."   U.S. News and World Report 29 Mar. 1999:   37. Shapiro, Joseph P.   "Dr. Death’s Last Dance."   U.S. News and World Report.   26 Apr. 1999:   44. Smith, Wesley J.   "Death Wars."   National Review 14 Jul. 1997:   36-37.   

Functional Assessments and Intervention Strategies Essay

Dewolfe (1997) discusses the relevant points on the book written by Reichle and Wacker (1997) about the effective approaches in terms of assessing challenging behaviors; and what are the intervention strategies that could be employed in order to decrease the risks for the development of a challenging behavior. According to Reichle and Wacker (1997), the most effective venue for the assessment of challenging behavior could be conducted in natural environments such as â€Å"home, school and local community† (para 2). Also, another key factor that must be kept in mind with regards to changing children’s challenging behavior is the idea that when one wants to change a behavior of a particular child, it necessarily follows, that the behavior of those people around her should also be changed. Effective interventions are also very relevant most specially the rate, quality and the effort that is given on the reinforcement (para 3). Reichle and Wacker (1997) also emphasized that Communications Based Interventions are the best approach in terms of dealing with challenging behavior (para 4). Such a type of intervention should be followed by a functional assessment that should be able to understand the child very well. In effect of this, what will one have is a communication based approach that perfectly matches the need of the child. The facilitation of an intervention program has been emphasized by Reichle and Wacker (1997) has to be conducted in natural settings. As such, the traditional notion that interventions should be normally done in clinics are no longer that patronized. Discussion The rate in which challenging behavior has been increasing now a days is understandable. On the advent of the 21st century where everything is in set to be in fast paced, most parents tend to forgot their responsibility to their children. On the first part of this paper, the author was able to enumerate the different causes and various risk factors of challenging behavior. In a nutshell, one could see that majority of the causes stem out because the mother fails to take care of her child during the prenatal stage and even during the early years of the child. Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) emphasized the necessity of early intervention during childhood in order to prevent the development of challenging behavior. In addition with this, the perception that problematic behaviors among toddlers and preschool-age children should not be dismissed as mere effects of his or her development stage. Rather, parents should be vigilant to see the patterns and the rate in which challenging behaviors occur and significantly think of a plan in order to address such a problem. The case of June is a good example on how a child develops challenging behavior during her life. June is perceived to be raised in a broken family. It could be implied that the source of family income is solely shouldered by her mother, hence leaving her and her siblings with small amount of time. In addition with this, the fact that June has two other siblings that her mother have to take care and worry about, further decreases the chance that June could be given appropriate attention and guidance. It is clear from the history of June and her other siblings that they somehow share the same patterns of behavior. Although the author could not completely distinguish if such is the result of how they are reared or maybe how did their mother take care of herself during pregnancy; but it could be seen that such a pattern of behavior is clearly evident to be existing within her family circle. The manner in which June was assessed, intervened and treated in her school could be seen as one of the most effective steps in which one could deal with challenging behavior. The team used a Communications Based Intervention (Reichle and Wacker (1997) in order to deal with the problem. One could recall that the manner in which the teacher talked to June allowed her to express her feelings and also allowed her to tell stories that upset her within the family and also within the school. In addition with this, the assessments that were made to June are done in a natural environment, such as her school. It could be recalled that various attempts are also made by June’s residential and community program placements, but such proves to be null. As such, the author perceived that the assessment at the school, wherein June spends mostly her time is a very effective approach because not only that she will be able to properly relate with her peers, such an approach will also pave the way for more understanding and willingness to support among her teachers. Reicle and Wacker (1997) emphasized the need of other people to also change their behaviors if they wanted to help a child with challenging behavior. It could be significantly noted that Laursen (2005) claimed that the team that is taking care and assisting June has also made an effort to make her educators understand the depth of her problem and how their support could help her to overcome her challenging behavior. In relation with this, the author wanted to introduce the notion of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) of Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) in order to change challenging behaviors among children. The PBS is tailored to meet the specific needs of the child and also takes into careful consideration all of the contexts in which problems with regard to challenging behaviors emerge. The model devised by Dunlap and Fox (1999) as cited from Fox, Dunlap and Powell (2002) creates an Individualized Support Program (ISP) that seeks to help the family and the child’s care givers in order to change his or her difficult behavior. The ISP model revolves on two major steps which is the functional assessment and the person centered planning. The functional assessment focuses on accumulating detailed information about the child’s behavior, activities, and other contexts that could be helpful for the family, taking into consideration the cause and effects of a particular behavior. Consequently, the person-centered planning centers on the expression of the child’s dreams and other challenges that the child perceived to have within his or her family. After such, a behavior support plan will be created which is perfectly in accordance to the specific needs of the child.