Physical and Mental Abuse on Slaves Essay

The essay is about the how significant both physical and mental abuse was important for the slave owners described in the Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass who was born in 1895 might have been the most influential African-American of his time or possibly ever. He rose up from the hardships he had from his birth to become a internationally known writer and orator. Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland and was thought to be fathered by one of his masters. In Maryland he had a rather easy life for a slave, he was an inside slave who cleaned and helped watched one of the masters children. This benefited him greatly both then and in the future because Thomas, the boy he attended too, helped Frederick read and write. From Tuckahoe, Frederick was moved to Baltimore then to Colonel Lloyd’s Plantation. Then from there he moved to St. Michael. Then to Mr. Covey a slave breaker. This was a major turning point in Frederick Douglasses life because for the fi rst time in his life he stood up to a white master in control of him and won the situation. This greatly increased Frederick’s confidence in himself and he want and desire to runaway and become a freed slave. As I read in the story he acomplished this task and he makes a life for himself that every other slave could only dream of. Frederick Douglass was a rare case of slave, in the way that he was not poisoned by the ways masters had control of slaves. In this way there is two types of ways masters dominated slaves. Physically and Mentally, both maybe equally as powerful and influential on the idea of dominance a master used over a slave. So in this essay I will discuss both the idea of Mental and Physical dominance over a slave examples of each and what the purpose of this was to do. To me I feel that one of the most basic parts of dominance over a slave is a masters Physical dominance over them. Obviously beatings and whippings are some of the most general types of physical dominance a master would do to his slave. Whippings in a sense showed a type of superiorism over the slave, especially when they did something that was â€Å"wrong† or sometimes just to show superiority. Although this is the most obvious and most commonly used form of physical dominance, it was not the only one. Another thing a master might do to show dominance over their slaves in the physical form would be to give them very little clothes. This left slaves very cold and made them want to get done with their work better to get in a warmer environment. Another thing that is not emphasized so much in history or very much in this novel is ra pe. A master might rape his female slaves to either pregnant a slave to make their ownership of slaves larger and also to show a general dominance over the slave, letting them know that they could do that and there wasn’t much they could do about it because he was the master. Although these methods were cruel and at times extremely grotesque masters saw this as nessicary to enforce their status as a master over slaves. But this was not the only method used to show their superiority over the slaves. Slave owners also used many forms of mental domination to rule slaves. In my personal opinion I feel this method was much more effective over slaves than that of physical dominance. I feel this was more effective in the sense that slaves didn’t always realize that they were doing this and if a master could break a slave down emotionally and mentally then he owned the slave in a sense and physical forms of dominance were not as nessicary to enforce superiority over the slaves. One way a master might mentally dominate a slave would be to separate them from their families. This was a good idea because it broke up family bonds between slaves and secluded their identity and knowledge of their heredity, which completely destroyed any sense of pride that was in a slave. This also would insure loyalty to a master, since a family was not present in the slaves life, a slave in an ironic way might see their master as a form of family. Another thing the masters would do would be to seclud e them from knowledge. The more a master could keep his slaves ignorant the more sure he could be that the slave would be loyal and not devise an idea to become free or to revolt and cause problems with a master. This also kept out the problem of a master having to worry about a slave becoming more intelligent than that of his or her’s master. One last example of mental dominance over a slave was false consciousness. This method would fool a slave into a system that benefits the master. One example a master might do to enforce false consciousness would be to give them holidays off of work. This would make the slaves believe that a master might really actually care about the slaves and their well being, but intern helped the masters so that the slaves would then feel the urge to be more loyal to him. Both forms of dominance over the slaves regardless were extremely effective in keeping salves in check by their masters. Physical was more of a last resort type of dominance and was good for rebel type slaves and just to show every once in awhile to a slave who ran what. While mental dominance on the other hand was more of a mischievous form of dominance that held a tighter wrath over the slaves an was something that was very hard to defy and rebel against. Either way dominance was a key part in a masters plan to keep a plantation and slaves working to his benefit.

Organizational Conflict Essay

Conflicts within an organization can be difficult on employees. Some conflicts may be petty and some could end up in violence. They are often started because of the difference of opinions between employees (Shetach, A., 2012). Regardless of the situation; employers cannot afford to have conflicts within their organization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the reason for the conflict within this organization and to come up with ways to help solve the conflicts. Description of the Conflict The conflict at my place of employment is that there are never enough associates scheduled to perform the duties that are needed to be done. The ICS team is the main team that goes through the inventory in the back room on a daily basis. Their job is to bin every item that comes within this store with a labeling system. The problem that is being cause is that there are not enough associates able to keep up with binning the items after the ICS team finishes scanning and counting their freight. What conflict that has occurred from this is that the unloaders are coming in and they have to help them out. In return the un-loaders are falling behind in their work. When the morning shift associates comes in; mainly department managers they have to work out the items that the ICS team has scanned. When you look at the amount of freight that is needing to be work out, it could be from four to fifteen L-carts. L-carts are the large carts that are used to move large freight to the floor or to the customer’s car. Production was falling behind because there was not a good plan set into place on who, what, and how the receiving area of the store would be operated. There was lack of communication that was going on between upper management and lower management. It seemed as though the associates were the ones that were making the decisions instead of the managers. The ICS team and the un-loaders were constantly arguing with each other, claiming that the other one is not doing their job. The department managers were coming in to work stating that the overnight associates were not putting out freight. It looked as if the same freight was left from the day before was not being worked. Level of Conflict There are four levels of conflict within an organization (Baack, D., 2012). What is going on within this organization is called intragroup conflicts. Intragroup conflicts occur when incidents between members of a team do not have the same mind set concerning goals. They disagree with the way the operations are being handled and the leadership (Baack, D., 2012). If conflicts are left unattended within an organization it could affect the overall goal of the company. The teams may not do what they need to do and the decision that they make in doing their job may not be the right decision (Baack, D., 2012). Propose Steps to Resolve the Conflict There are five steps that must be followed in order to help resolve conflicts within this organization. The first thing is to identify the parties that are involved in the conflict. Determining if the entire team is involved or if there is an individual that is causing the conflict need to be investigated first (Baack, D., 2012). By doing this, it will allow for the managers to help determine what is need to be done in order to resolve the conflict. This conflict can be stopped with the proper communication between team members and management. But they need to have weekly meeting in order to go over their goals and their concerns (Shetach, A., 2012). Having meeting will allow the team members to voice their opinions if they feel they may not be doing ample amount of production that is needed in order to be productive. This can be analyzed by management as soon as it is brought up in the meeting. The management team needs to find out what the real issue is within the team and figure o ut how the problem started. While they are investigating this issue they need to also know what position that each team member have concerning this conflict (Baack, D., 2012). This can help management to understand where each team member stands on this conflict so it could help them come up with a better solution in order to stop the problem. Finding an area in which there can be bargaining is very important in resolving conflicts within an organization (Baack, D., 2012). Management need to stay neutral in making a decision regarding the conflict that is going on between the ICS team, the unloaders, and the department managers. There should be lines in which the managers need to be able to listen to all sides and not show favoritism. Finding the best solution for the organization in what is important. The policies need to be addressed at the time when bargaining process is going on (Montgomery, M., 1995). At the same time, the team members need to be able to work through their conflicts. There need to be a check list that needs to be done on a daily basis in order for each backroom associate to follow. If they are not able to do what they are assigned then they should be able to type in the reason why. For example, I was called to work in the garden center by Assistant Tony. It should have the time, and date on the log so that it can show the reason why a task was not completed. Management should not be able to call an ICS member out of their work area for more than 15 minutes a day. Considering they might be one of four that was assigned to scan in what is coming off of the trucks. Another step that could help resolve the conflict is to schedule people with the department managers that only have one associate. Some department managers do not have more than one associate within th eir area. A department manage usually have five hundred to five thousand prices changes to do on a daily basis. They have to work their bins; bins are the freight that they have to put out on the shelves. If more associates are schedule past 5 pm, it could help the organization to make a better profit; because the shelves will be filled. Not all conflict situations are the same. Some may be resolved if the people that are involved learn the effect that their opinion, attitudes, or behavior have on other team members (Montgomery, M., 1995). Some of the managers need to be more productive by helping the team members to see what they need to improve in or what they have to offer to make the team stronger. Outcomes to the Conflict Resolution By not doing anything and letting the teams argue about what each other are doing it will cause a lack of production within the team. It could affect the entire team as a whole. Agreement is very important in a conflict resolution (Baack, D., 2012). When all of the team members on the ICS, department managers, and the un-loaders believe that their opinions matters that is when agreement is reached. The managers have to let them all know that all of the concerns that were leading up to their conflicts have been met. Everyone will be held accountable for their own job expectation, and no one will be pulled out of their area for more than fifteen minutes a day. The night managers will make sure that they have associates working in areas that have the largest amount of freight in order to keep the department managers from being over whelmed. Stronger relationships may develop between the teams; however, some teams like to work without other teams being involved. Take the ICS team for example; they do not trust anyone to count what is coming in on the truck. If an upper member of management scans what comes in on the truck they do not have much of a choice. If a new employee is in training they have to gain trust within this group before they let them work by themselves. And finally organizational learning can take place among team members. The can learn how to work together by coming up with better ways to find solutions to the problems they may encounter within their team (Baack, D., 2012). They can learn how to deal with each other on a personal level because they may have learned what each team needs. If the meetings continue to be given between these three teams on a weekly basis, this will teach them. In conclusion, there conflicts can make it difficult for team to work together. This paper was to show ways that teams could resolve their conflicts in order to help their organization to run smoothly and put a handle on conflicts. References Baack, D. (2012). Organizational behavior. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc Montgomery, M., (1995). Five steps to resolves conflicts. Supervisory Management, 40(10), 8 Shetach, A., (2012). Conflict Leadership. Navigating Toward Effective and Efficient Team Outcomes. Journal for Quality & Participation, 35(2), 25-30

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction Thesis

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction of Hip fracture - Thesis Example It involves pain, stiffness and and swelling and most commonly effects knee, hips and hand (Lawrence et al., 2008). Despite being one of the oldest known diesases, the etiology of the disease is still obscure. Earlier believed to be a disease of the articular cartilage of the synovial joint of the effected tissue, it has now been proposed that generalized OA is a systemic musculoskeletal disorder with a metabolic component (Aspden, 2008), changes in other tissues being secondary; subchondral bone responding to abnormal biomechanics and other tissues to secondary inflammation and enforced inactivity. Hip is one of the weight bearing joints and is at heavy risk of wear and tear. In aged people it is at a high risk of fracture due to decline in the structural strength of bone tissues of the proximal femoral ends resulting from osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption (Chai et al., 1998). Study of association of OA and fracture has suggested increased risk of fracture in individuals with hip OA is mostly likely due to mechanical and locomotor factors (Arden et al., 1996). Aging again is the most consistent risk factor for OA in both men and women effecting the composition and structure of cartilage (Arokoski et al., 2007), the other major risk factors for the OA of the hip are physical loading related to heavy manual work and permanent damage as result of any musculoskeletal injury (Juhakoski et al., 2009), while obesity seems to have a moderate positive association with hip OA (Liu et al., 2007). In cases of hip joint damage due to either of these factors total hip replacement (THR) is an option wherein the diseased cartilage and bone of the joint is replaced by artificial material. However there are risks factors in THR such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection, hip dislocation, hip implant loosening, nerve injury etc. To study the various aspects of OA, osteoporosis, fractures etc, a retrospective case-control study was

Sex Trafficking Of Women in the United States (New York Metro Area) Research Paper

Sex Trafficking Of Women in the United States (New York Metro Area) - Research Paper Example Each year, numerous individuals inadvertently fall for the traffickers’ hands, either in their local regions, or while abroad. The United Nations, through their protocol for the prevention, suppression, and the punishing of trafficking offenders, describes human trafficking aptly. It refers to the act as the conscription, transmission, harboring, or receipt of individuals, through using force, fraud, or deception, in order to exploit them by giving others control over them in return for fiscal gains. It defines exploitation as, at the least, to include the mistreatment of the prostitution of the individuals, forced toil, slavery, and related practices. Thesis statement: this paper seeks to explore the situation regarding the women trafficking for sexual purposes in the New York City in America, and the steps that the relevant administrations are implementing in order to combat the vice. Definition Human trafficking is one of the main predicaments in America as in many other co untries. Human being trafficking is defined as trafficking people from one nation to another, or also from region to region, and even from residence to residence. Trafficking in personnel is the current type of slavery (Miko 1). This offense involves sufferers who are compelled to toil, or are exploited for sexual purposes. ... A number of them are bodily forced, while others fall to false promises that include promises of improved occupations or marriages (Kathyrin 59). The act whereby citizens get transported to go to engage in forced employment in other regions is termed as employment trafficking. In labor-related trafficking, the employers exploit the people that get compelled to go to toil for them. Immigrants are one kind of the clusters that get forced to embark on such types of work, while others are just common people. The females, including women and teenage girls, are made household servants, and are frequently sexually maltreated. Forced labor is a variety of human trafficking, and can be harder to spot and estimate. It is usually harder to deal with than normal sex trafficking, despite the fact that it deals with the identical kinds of maltreatment that sex trafficking entails (Miko 1). The perpetrators Through the use of negotiators and brokers who organize the travel and employment placements , women are accompanied to their destinations and taken to the employers. On arriving at their destinations, a number of the women discover that they have been misled about the type of the work they will embark on. Most have been ill-advised about the fiscal arrangements and terms of their employment. Inevitably, all of them find themselves in forced and abusive circumstances from which flight is both difficult and hazardous. The main reason of a woman or a girl to agree to an offer from a trafficker is enhanced monetary opportunities for herself or her folks (Miko 2). In numerous cases traffickers primarily proffer ‘legitimate’ work or the pledge of an opportunity to learn. The main kinds of work offered are in the food

Recommendation letters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recommendation letters - Essay Example The student has superior communication skills as I have observed in his written work and in the presentations in the class. His ability to eloquently express himself has made his a valuable asset in the various group projects that have been required of his. I believe his involvement in the group activities is also a reflection of his people skills and his ability to work well with people. He has also helped his fellow students come up with creative solutions and ideas to the tasks that I have assigned to them. He is also extremely well organized in his work. I therefore have no reservations in recommending the student to your post graduate study program as I believe he has a great potential to succeed in the program. I also believe he will be a valuable asset to your student body. His dedication and thoroughness in his work will enable his to succeed in the dissertation based program. Please contact me if further clarifications about his abilities and qualifications are required. I am writing in recommendation of Mohammed Al Ajmi application for a post graduate study opportunity in your institution. He has been my friend for over 10 years and I have known his to be a creative, dependable and highly organized individual. I believe that his skills and personality will be a tremendous asset in your organization. When I was pursing both my Masters and my PhD, I found Jane to be of great help. He assisted me in collecting the data and was always at hand to offer suggestions in the process. I also found his people skills coupled with his communication skills a tremendous asset in convincing people to take part in my research study. He was also instrumental in keeping a positive working spirit among my research team. I also know his to be a dedicated person who reacts sensibly in high pressure situations. I have known Jane as an open minded individual who is always ready and willing to learn and experience new ideas. He has

KatrinaHealth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

KatrinaHealth - Research Paper Example This overwhelming destruction caused residents and evacuees diploid of many basic needs which includes â€Å"medication history, their homes, BUSINESSES, they were mentally disturbed aftermath of hurricane Katrina, they faced potential health problems like â€Å"Population Displacement, Drinking Water, West Nile Virus, Emotional Fallout Toxic Contaminants† An obvious and urgent need was to fix these medical and all related issues and to settle them accordingly. The result was out fashioned in the form of â€Å"KATRINA HEALTH† which was initiated as on online service to help people affected by storm, working with health professionals to gain some sort of access to their lost medical history they were using before storm and to retrieve it, thus they will be cured accordingly in future. KATRINA HEALTH was made possible with the assistance of federal, local and state governments in collaboration with national foundation and organizations of medical related professionals (Boyle, 2001). History tells us that â€Å"medical professionals and health related bodies and public figures were very much anxious to explore ways by which they can help evacuees, to restore medical records, they step forwarded for this task and MARKLE FOUNDATION EXECUTIVES called the head of several companies that had medical data such as the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHAIN DRUG STORES (NACDs), CHIEF executives officers, â€Å"Sure scripts† (maintained a system of e-prescribing online network coverage) , â€Å"Rx hub† (kept a pharmacy record of patients and routes it electronically to physicians at different places like hospitals etc) and Veterans Health Administration (had its own national system of e-records for those who seek care through its system) were also contacted and â€Å"GOLD standard†( managed Medicaid prescription and data or information with a secure portal system for MISSISSIOI) , EXECUTIVE officers

Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Computer Systems - Essay Example The Midrange virtualization includes Solaris containers and zones and the commodity virtualization consists of VM ware, Oracle VM and Xen. The desktop virtualization is categorized in two PC / MAC and Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI). The category named as PC / MAC includes virtual box, virtual PC etc. VDI consists of Oracle VDI and desktop virtualization by Citrix. The next category is the storage virtualization, which includes storage area networks and arrays developed by Exadata, Netapps etc. Lastly, there is a category named as network visualization consisting of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN). A single piece of hardware is divided into multiple instance by a technology is known as virtualization. The OS (operating system) along with hardware is similar even before virtualization. The division of hardware makes the resource transmission simple as, an operating system (OS) needs to utilize all resources that are available in a box. A single box with the help of resources c an host several instances or nodes. For example RAM I/O capacity i.e. permanent storage space, central processing unit and bandwidth (network address). Likewise, this procedure facilitates an effective method for resource management of web application. For instance, a web application that is hosted on a relatively small node works on reduced cost of using entire box and still manages to provide resources from one node to another. In order to enhance the efficiency an unused resources in a box are moved. Optimal resource management is achieved by virtual server; we can also say that there is no requirement for deploying a web application and its components for migration of web services to some other hosts that are subjected to re-installation of new operating system. Consequently, virtualization fulfills the last process by utilizing a hypervisor. Likewise, the hypervisor hosts operating system that provides management of assets for many operating systems of visitors as well as nodes . Hence, as soon as a web application is deployed with virtualization technology, we can get a guest operating system powered by hypervisor. This is the major factor that provides scalability and assignment of more resources for the web application by clicking few buttons (Kusnetzky 2011). It is unnecessary to state that virtualization appeared in the year 1960 because a number of hypervisors are present to select from them. For the trendiest virtualization appliances are Xen and Virtual Box (Kusnetzky 2011). They are considered as open-source assignments due to their commercial popularity through corporations such as VMware and Nimbus data systems. However the process of virtualization is actually without responsibility. In fact, some disadvantages are also associated with its implementation. For example, â€Å"a hardware box's configuration is not clear to node users. A hardware box could be near its overall hardware limit, in which case more resources for a node could be limited , even requiring migration to another box†. In addition, it could appear as a weak virtualized resource for instance I/O capacity. In this situation various nodes are present in similar boxes try to interpret form the matching pair of hard drives thus resulting in amplified latency. Moreover, the sidebar contains more

Consider the costs and benefits to a company of gathering, reporting, Term Paper

Consider the costs and benefits to a company of gathering, reporting, and disclosing non financial information ( Balanced Scorecard, Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting, Sustainability Reporting - Term Paper Example ment of any form of information is often a costly process that requires the installation of effective information system in order to enhance the collection, processing and presentation of the information systematically. Despite the cost implication of the entire process, effective management of such information enhances the profitability of an organization since it enhances the operations of the organization. Such non-financial information often include marketing information, social responsibility reporting and balanced score card reporting among many others. Such are vital information that enhances the operations of the organization. Such activities are major projects undertaken by the company with the view to enhancing its profitability. Marketing for example is a fundamental function of the management whose primary mandate is to enhance the profitability of the organization (Burrow and Jim 44). The same is the case with social responsibility which is often a method of advertising products strategically thus improving the reputation of the company in a particular market. Collection of the information about such processes is vital since they contribute to the management of the resources of the organization. Effective management of the non-financial information enhances the operations of the organization. Such information portrays the amount of resources allocated to such undertaking and the returns the organization obtains from the projects. As explained earlier, non-financial information, include information on some of the most sensitive undertakings in the company. Such information requires effective collection, processing, filing and dissemination for future references. This implies that such systematic management of the information enhances the accountability desired by the management in the organization. The information facilitates investigation and auditing of the activities of the company a fundamental feature that contributes to the efficiency of the

American films Essay Example for Free

American films Essay be at work making sure he works his ass off to get us where we are now. Although I don’t see him most of the time during my childhood, and he missed almost every one of my birthday’s I can never be mad at him for it. Something I most admire my father for is the fact he gave up his family and life he had back in the islands to support his daughter and pregnant wife, which changed all our lives. As soon as he joined the military he flew us 2 kids and my mother out to America to see our new house in Hawaii. The day we all came to America was the day we left behind the poverty and worries back in Samoa. Since that day, I have always respected my father. Even though I sometimes abhor is actions towards discipline, I constantly think back to the days we had it rough and who it was that became our hero from there on out. Without his decisions on coming to America and toward his responsibilities, I wouldn’t have had hope in finding a future for myself back in the islands. Because of my father’s life changing choices, I am living a life of a lifetime; a humble lifestyle.

Is It Art Essay Example for Free

Is It Art Essay What is art? Every person has an individual response to an artwork which is determined through the collaboration between an individual and a specific artwork. If it contributes to your experience, as a consequence being symbolic of something, then it is probably art for you. It is therefore very problematic in order to supply a definition that comprises the whole worlds thoughts and feelings. Some believe that anything and everything in the world is art, while others believe that it takes aptitude, creativity, and an imagination to produce true art. Art can be a reflection of one’s idea brought into the world through painting, drawing, photography, sculpture, architecture, and many other ways. Artworks are determined and different according to an individual’s perceptions, beliefs, and ideas. To begin to decide what we like or dislike depends upon the subject matter of the work what it depicts and its contents, what the subject matter means, symbolizes, or radically opposes. Taking a trip in Washington, D. C. with my Uncle to Maya Lin’s Vietnam Memorial is an example of conflicting art. Many people viewed the monument as an insult to the memory of the very soldiers to whom it was supposed to pay honor. Depending upon an individual’s perspective, to be able to walk up out of the gentle slope out of the V, symbolizes for many the process of healing. The names chiseled in the wall, inflicts serious emotional feelings when you find the name of a loved one or a friend. Depending on how the light hits the polished granite it reflects first your own image back at you, as if to say that your life is what these names fought for. Just the sheer meaning of the fight for our freedom, lost lives there and psychologically even after returning state side, all for another’s life is symbolic art. Similarly is the lighted frog mosaic art lamp my mother purchased during a mother daughter scavenger hunt. At first sight it could be construed as the ugliest thing. Agreeing first glance or look it is ugly, does not fit, or have a particular purpose. Now, with second sight, added to the fact of mother passing, that same mosaic lighted lamp is the most beautiful piece of art. The symbolic emotional feelings of looking at the intertwined pieces of light blue pieces of glass at the base of the frog depict the water of its freedom. The different shades of green glass pieces of the frog make it representational. The black molding holding the glass pieces together give continuity, shape, and naturalistic features to the lamp, thus, creating the illusion that it is real. Lively color lastly conveyed to the interior of your home imparts the feeling of joy and love evoked with exceptional time spent between mother and child is symbolic of family love. Another art that is interpreted as representational would be tattoos. The shear pain from the needle into your body is permanent making it a work of art. The one drawn by their owner with underlying meaning can be the most symbolic than one drawn but the actual tattooist. To wear an angel on your skin can convey many underlying significances, yet to have a faceless angel portrays a deep meaning. Everyday millions of people come in contact with angels, whether it is a smile, kind word, motivation, helping hand, prayer, or assisting force in an individual’s daily life. Then to have the Chinese letters of eternal faith under that faceless angel can have various values. This is symbolic of having eternal faith that the world is surrounded by everyday angels forever. After all this said in conclusion I can say that art is surely not seen with open eyes, but with open minds. Minds open for absorption of painting, drawing, photography, sculpture, architecture, and many other ways. From the examples above, I can also say that art is also an act of giving a small part of you in order to express through the art piece. The portrait of Mona Lisa is not only a portrait of a woman is also a portrait of Leonardos need to express him through color, composition, and symbolic feelings of tranquility. When we are seeing the subject matter, we are not staring just a landscape, sculpture, or portrait; we are observing the artists needs and emotions reflected by the needs of society for art. Art can be symbolic whether it is representational, abstract, or nonobjective.